Fundraising
Cap Table
A spreadsheet or software record showing every equity holder in a company — founders, investors, employees — and their ownership percentages, share counts, and fully diluted stakes.
A capitalization table (cap table) is the definitive record of who owns what in a company. It lists every security holder — common shareholders (founders, employees), preferred shareholders (investors), option holders, warrant holders, and convertible instrument holders (SAFEs, notes) — along with their share counts, classes, and ownership percentages.
Cap tables are typically maintained in tools like Carta, Pulley, or Astrella for funded companies, or in Excel for early-stage companies without professional investors. They must be updated with every new share issuance, option grant, transfer, or conversion event.
The cap table matters most at financing events (determining dilution from new investors), option grants (available pool), and exits (calculating proceeds for each holder).
In Practice
A startup's cap table after Seed: Founders hold 70% (split 40/30), Seed investors hold 20% (preferred), employee option pool holds 10% (unissued and issued). A Series A investor wants 20% post-money. The new shares issued dilute all existing holders proportionally: founders now hold 56%, seed investors 16%, and the option pool 8%, with Series A at 20%. If the round is $5M at $20M post-money, this reflects a $25M pre-money valuation.
Why It Matters
The cap table is the scorecard of company ownership. Founders who don't understand their cap table are flying blind — they don't know how much of their company they'll receive at exit, what dilution each future round implies, or whether they have enough option pool for key hires. Investors scrutinize cap tables in due diligence to identify red flags (too many shareholders, messy early equity, unusual provisions).
VC Beast Take
The most common cap table mistakes we see: founders giving away too much equity too early (advisors, early contractors), creating a messy 'party round' with 20+ small investors, and not maintaining the cap table in real time. By Series A, your cap table should be clean, documented, and managed in proper software. Investors will ask for it early in due diligence — and a disorganized cap table signals operational immaturity.