Metrics & Performance
Mark-to-Market
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Quick Answer
Adjusting the carrying value of portfolio investments to reflect current market prices or estimated fair values.
What it is
Mark-to-market (MTM) is the accounting practice of recording assets at their current estimated fair market value rather than historical cost. VC funds mark to market quarterly for LP reporting. When a portfolio company raises a new financing round, the fund 'marks up' (increases) or 'marks down' (decreases) its investment based on the new transaction price. Between financing events, marks may be maintained at the last round price or adjusted using comparable market data. Mark-to-market creates the TVPI (paper performance) numbers that LPs track — but these are estimates, not realized returns. The 2022 market correction forced widespread markdowns as comparables declined, resulting in painful LP reporting that reflected paper losses on previously high valuations.
In Practice
Lightspeed Ventures marks its portfolio quarterly. In Q1, they invested $5M in CloudTech at a $20M post-money valuation. By Q3, CloudTech raised a Series A at $50M post-money - Lightspeed marks up their stake to reflect the 2.5x increase in valuation. However, when competitor DataFlow shuts down due to market conditions, Lightspeed marks down their $3M investment in similar company AnalyticsPro by 40% to reflect the increased risk, even though AnalyticsPro hasn't raised new capital. These marks flow through to their fund's Net Asset Value calculations.
Operational context
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The term is tied to a real workflow, not just a definition.
Ownership, timing, and evidence are clear.
The reader can tell what decision the concept supports.
Related terms point to the next useful explanation.
Why It Matters
Mark-to-market directly impacts fund performance reporting and LP returns calculations. For founders, understanding how VCs mark investments helps explain why some investors may push for higher valuations in follow-on rounds - it boosts their portfolio marks. It also affects fund distributions and carry calculations. Inaccurate marking can lead to regulatory issues and damaged LP relationships, while conservative marking may undervalue a fund's true performance.
VC Beast Take
Most emerging managers are too optimistic with their marks early on, then overcorrect after their first major writedown. The smartest VCs use marking as a portfolio management tool - conservative marks force honest conversations about struggling companies, while aggressive marks can actually hurt when you can't deliver on the implied expectations to LPs.
Term Family
Related concepts
Further Reading
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LP Data Room Best Practices: What to Include When Raising Your Fund
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Share Dilution Explained: Formula, Examples, and How to Protect Your Equity
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Women in VC: The Investors Changing the Game in 2025
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Founder Ownership by Round: How Much Equity You Keep From Seed to IPO
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Co-Founder Equity Split: How to Divide Ownership and Avoid Future Fights
How to structure co-founder equity splits that survive the long haul — including vesting schedules, contribution frameworks, 83(b) elections, and what investors actually look for.
Related Guides
The Quarterly Report Template: What LPs Actually Want to See
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How to Write an LP Update That Actually Gets Read
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How to Build an LP Pitch Deck for Your First Fund
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How to Set Up a Startup Option Pool: ESOP Guide for Founders
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Related Questions
Browse all questions →Frequently Asked Questions
What is Mark-to-Market in venture capital?
Mark-to-market (MTM) is the accounting practice of recording assets at their current estimated fair market value rather than historical cost. VC funds mark to market quarterly for LP reporting.
Why is Mark-to-Market important for startups?
Understanding Mark-to-Market is critical for founders navigating the fundraising process. It directly impacts deal terms, valuation, and the relationship between founders and investors.
What category does Mark-to-Market fall under in VC?
Mark-to-Market falls under the metrics category in venture capital. This area covers concepts related to the quantitative measures used to evaluate fund and company performance.
Sources & References
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